{"id":1643,"date":"2021-11-17T09:54:23","date_gmt":"2021-11-17T02:54:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/?p=1643"},"modified":"2021-11-17T09:54:23","modified_gmt":"2021-11-17T02:54:23","slug":"lich-su-phat-trien-the-thong-minh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/en\/lich-su-phat-trien-the-thong-minh\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh"},"content":{"rendered":"

Th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh<\/strong>,\u00a0th\u1ebb g\u1eafn chip<\/strong>, hay\u00a0th\u1ebb t\u00edch h\u1ee3p\u00a0vi m\u1ea1ch<\/strong>\u00a0(integrated circuit card -ICC<\/strong>) l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ebb b\u1ecf t\u00fai th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a\u00a0th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng, b\u00ean trong ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t\u00a0m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p\u00a0c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0\u00a0th\u1ebb c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c\u00a0x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c\u00a0th\u00f4ng tin, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u hay d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ebb. C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh ch\u00ednh. C\u00e1c\u00a0th\u1ebb nh\u1edb\u00a0(memory card<\/em>) ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n\u00a0b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn\u00a0(non-volatile memory<\/em>), v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\u00a0Th\u1ebb vi x\u1eed l\u00fd\u00a0ch\u1ee9a\u00a0b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb kh\u1ea3 bi\u1ebfn\u00a0(volatile memory<\/em>) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n vi x\u1eed l\u00fd. Th\u1ebb l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0\u00a0PVC, \u0111\u00f4i khi\u00a0ABS. Th\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t\u00a0\u1ea3nh 3 chi\u1ec1u\u00a0(hologram<\/em>) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Th\u1ebb g\u1eafn chip t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968 b\u1edfi khoa h\u1ecdc gia t\u00ean l\u1eeda ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c\u00a0Helmut Gr\u00f6ttrup\u00a0v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 J\u00fcrgen Dethloff; b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1982. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn l\u00e0 \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, d\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c thanh to\u00e1n\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb ho\u1eb7c xu\u00a0\u1edf Ph\u00e1p, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983.’T\u00e9l\u00e9carte).<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n

Roland Moreno \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 th\u1ebb nh\u1edb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1974. N\u0103m 1977, Michel Ugon thu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng ty Honeywell Bull ph\u00e1t minh ra th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh vi x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. N\u0103m 1978, Bull \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 SPOM (B\u1ed9 vi t\u00ednh m\u1ed9t chip t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c -Self Programmable One-chip Microcomputer) m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean m\u1ed9t chip tr\u00ean th\u1ebb. Ba n\u0103m sau, chi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00f9ng cho th\u1ebb mang t\u00ean “CP8” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Motorola s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, Bull \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 1200 b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh. N\u0103m 2001, Bull b\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn CP8 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf li\u00ean quan cho Schlumberger. Schlumberger gh\u00e9p b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi CP8 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean l\u00e0 Axalto. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2006, Axalto v\u00e0 Gemplus, l\u00e0 hai nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y t\u00ean l\u00e0 Gemalto.<\/span><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p chip v\u00e0o trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c\u00a0th\u1ebb t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n\u00a0c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p (Carte Bleue<\/i>) ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992. Khi thanh to\u00e1n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng Carte Bleue, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00e9t th\u1ebb v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, r\u1ed3i nh\u1eadp ti\u1ebfp PIN tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thanh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt quy tr\u00ecnh thanh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khai b\u00e1o PIN (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c thanh to\u00e1n\u00a0l\u1ec7 ph\u00ed c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf).<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thanh to\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh (m\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, s\u1ed1 d\u01b0 t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ngay tr\u00ean chip c\u1ee7a th\u1ebb, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u00f4n vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn thanh to\u00e1n t\u1eeb th\u1ebb hay kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 trung t\u00e2m \u1edf ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1990, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c (Geldkarte), \u00dac (Quick), B\u1ec9 (Proton), Ph\u00e1p (Moneo), H\u00e0 Lan (Chipknip and Chipper), Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 (“Cash”), Na Uy (“Mondex”), Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n (“Cash”), Ph\u1ea7n Lan (“Avant”), Anh (“Mondex”), \u0110an M\u1ea1ch (“Danm\u00f8nt”) and B\u1ed3 \u0110\u00e0o Nha (“Porta-moedas Multibanco”).<\/span><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u trong th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 90, khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a\u00a0SIM\u00a0d\u00f9ng trong thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng GSM \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea1ng di \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1993, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i gia trong ng\u00e0nh thanh to\u00e1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 MasterCard, Visa, v\u00e0 Europay th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebb thanh to\u00e1n \u1edf c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i th\u1ebb t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng. Phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u00a0EMV\u00a0n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1994. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1998, m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n ra \u0111\u1eddi.\u00a0EMVco, c\u00f4ng ty m\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec l\u00e2u d\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2000 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u0103m 2004. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty EMV l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u00f9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n 1998.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 M\u1ef9, nh\u00ecn chung tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00e1n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 theo EMV c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 th\u1ebb t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a EMV. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i thanh to\u00e1n to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi\u00a0MasterCard\u00a0International,\u00a0Visa\u00a0International,\u00a0American Express\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0JCB, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tri\u1ec3n khai chi ti\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh v\u1edbi giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng thanh to\u00e1n v\u00e0 mua v\u00e9, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n trong b\u00e0i to\u00e1n b\u00e1n v\u00e9 v\u1eadn t\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Hi\u1ec7n nay, Visa v\u00e0 MasterCard \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i M\u1ef9 (2004 \u2013 2006).<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thu ph\u00ed giao th\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai nhi\u1ec1u. Nhi\u1ec1u chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c nhau xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi nhau, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n nay th\u1ebb theo chu\u1ea9n MIFARE c\u1ee7a Philips \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u1ea3 M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0m th\u1ebb ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p \u1edf c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c v\u00f9ng, to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c hay to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0m th\u1ebb c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p l\u00e1i xe, th\u1ebb b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u. L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u1edf Malaysia, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ebb ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, mang t\u00ean\u00a0MyKad, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ebb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. Th\u1ebb ch\u1ee9ng minh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 8 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ebfn 18 tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng. Th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o\u00a0gi\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh sinh tr\u1eafc\u00a0ICAO\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ednh an ninh trong ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/strong>: Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1 v\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch kho\u1ea3ng 1 cm vu\u00f4ng. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ecdc, con chip tr\u00ean th\u1ebb s\u1ebd giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb chip v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng tin l\u00ean n\u00f3. Th\u1ebb \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n ISO\/IEC 7816 v\u00e0 ISO\/IEC 7810. Th\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 pin, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p t\u1eeb m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ebb.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac<\/strong>: \u00a0l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ebb m\u00e0 chip tr\u00ean n\u00f3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi m\u00e1y \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng qua c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng\u00a0RFID\u00a0(v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb 106 \u0111\u1ebfn 848 kbit\/s). Nh\u1eefng th\u1ebb n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t anten \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eadn d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u1eadt nhanh hay khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ebb c\u1ea7n r\u1ea3nh tay, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n \u1edf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n r\u00fat th\u1ebb ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00ed.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chu\u1ea9n th\u00f4ng tin cho th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac l\u00e0\u00a0ISO\/IEC 14443, ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 2001. N\u00f3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh hai ki\u1ec3u th\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac (“A” and “B”), cho ph\u00e9p li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 10\u00a0cm. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 ISO 14443 ki\u1ec3u C, D, E v\u00e0 F m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf b\u1edfi International Organization for Standardization. M\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh l\u00e0\u00a0ISO 15693, cho ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng tin \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 50\u00a0cm.<\/span><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan l\u00e0\u00a0RFID\u00a0(radio frequency identification \u2013 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn). Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng trong nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3\u00a0thu ph\u00ed c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb RFID th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a b\u1ed9 nh\u1edb ghi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ebb g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hai lo\u1ea1i giao ti\u1ebfp m\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p truy xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebb. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebb giao th\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a\u00a0Porto, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0\u00a0Andante, m\u00e0 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chip cho c\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac.<\/span><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac, th\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 pin. B\u00ean trong th\u1ebb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t\u00a0cu\u1ed9n c\u1ea3m\u00a0m\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u00f2 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn,\u00a0ch\u1ec9nh l\u01b0u\u00a0t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho chip tr\u00ean th\u1ebb.<\/span><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

An ninh cho m\u00e1y t\u00ednh<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ecnh duy\u1ec7t web Mozilla Firefox c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn d\u00f9ng cho vi\u1ec7c duy\u1ec7t web m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an ninh.\u00a0<\/span>M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e3 h\u00f3a \u0111\u0129a, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 FreeOTFE, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a m\u00e3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an ninh, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp n\u1eefa cho vi\u1ec7c m\u00e3 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u0129a c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o m\u1eadt.\u00a0<\/span>Th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p truy c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt kh\u1ea9u,\u2026<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00e1nh bao g\u1ed3m: th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng hay th\u1ebb\u00a0ATM,\u00a0th\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed5 x\u0103ng,\u00a0SIM\u00a0cho \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ebb truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c k\u00eanh ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c th\u1ebb d\u00f9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c giao th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0\u00a0v\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed. Chip tr\u00ean th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea1p s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng ti\u00eau x\u00e0i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed7 xe v\u00e0 c\u00e1c\u00a0m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0\u00a0Proton,\u00a0Geldkarte,\u00a0Chipknip\u00a0v\u00e0\u00a0Mon\u20aco. Th\u1ebb Geldkarte c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m tra tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p mua thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

D\u00f9ng cho th\u1ebb ch\u1ee9ng minh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c th\u1ebb t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1<\/span><\/strong><\/h3>\n

D\u00f9ng trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebb ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1. Trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y, th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh.<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p l\u00e1i xe d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh: Gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p l\u00e1i xe d\u00f9ng th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh s\u1ebd l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt th\u00f4ng tin vi ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n ph\u1ea1t ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i x\u1ebf. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh ch\u1ee5p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ebb. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u1ea5p c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m m\u00e1u, d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 sinh tr\u1eafc h\u1ecdc (d\u1ea5u tay) c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u v\u00e0o trong chip n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ebb y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ebb ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ed1. Vi\u1ec7t Nam ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111ang \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 g\u1eafn ch\u00edp.<\/span><\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: Wikipedia<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Th\u1ebb th\u00f4ng minh,\u00a0th\u1ebb g\u1eafn chip, hay\u00a0th\u1ebb t\u00edch h\u1ee3p\u00a0vi m\u1ea1ch\u00a0(integrated circuit card -ICC) l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ebb b\u1ecf t\u00fai th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a\u00a0th\u1ebb t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng, b\u00ean trong ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t\u00a0m\u1ea1ch t\u00edch h\u1ee3p\u00a0c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0u tr\u1eef v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u00f4ng tin. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0\u00a0th\u1ebb c\u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c\u00a0x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c\u00a0th\u00f4ng tin, l\u01b0u tr\u1eef<\/p>","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":1646,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[9],"tags":[73,74],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1643"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1643"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1643\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1651,"href":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1643\/revisions\/1651"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1646"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1643"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1643"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bmpos.com.vn\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1643"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}